Company Analysis The Company Kinder Morgan - 1279 Words

The company Kinder Morgan was first established in February of 1997 when a group of investors led by Richard Kinder and William Morgan acquired the general partner of a small, publicly traded pipeline limited partnership (Enron Liquids Pipeline). Which is Located in Huston, KMP began with very little assets, which consisted of 175 workers and a business value which was roughly $325 million.Morgan and kinder had a goal to build a completely new type of energy company by making use of the master limited partnership (MLP) financial structure as a growth vehicle, something that had never been attempted before. The idea was a success and KMP became the largest publicly traded pipeline limited partnership in America based on business value. In early times KMP grew mostly through buying companies and merging them in to one, CO2 production fields and transportation pipelines, purchasing assets such as refined petroleum pipelines, liquids terminals, intrastate natural gas pipelines and bulk. As time went on, the majority of KMP s growth came through expansions and new building projects. So in recent times having recorded major success in its country of origin the United state of America, Kinder Morgan has expanded into Canada and has Through its subsidiary (Trans Mountain) applied to build a new pipeline from Edmonton to Burnaby. This pipeline would run adjacent to the already existing Trans Mountain pipeline and the whole purpose of it is to increase the transportation of oil fromShow MoreRelatedTrans Mountain Pipeline Expansion Project: Regulatory Requirements and Technical Analysis2994 Words   |  12 PagesTrans Mountain Pipeline Expansion: Regulatory Requirements and Technical Analysis Student Name University Name Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction 5 2.0 Shipping 5 2.1 Spills risk 6 2.2 Spills response 7 2.3 Spills recovery 8 3.0 Pipeline safety and integrity 9 3.1 Risk analysis 10 3.2 Spill preparedness and response 10 4.0 Greenhouse gas emissions 11 4.1 Implications of pipeline expansion 12 4.2 Alternatives and its effects 13 5.0 Conclusion 13 Abstract There is highRead MoreExamples Of Firms And Their Websites885 Words   |  4 PagesTable 4. 1 Sample firms and their websites Sub-industry Firm name Ticker Website Downstream Marathon Petroleum Corp. MPC http://www.marathonpetroleum.com/ Phillips 66 Company PSX http://www.phillips66.com/EN/Pages/index.aspx Tesoro Corporation TSO http://tsocorp.com/ Valero Energy Corp VLO https://www.valero.com/en-us Equipment and Services Baker Hughes Incorporated BHI https://www.bakerhughes.com/ TechnipFMC PLC FTI http://www.technipfmc.com/ Halliburton Co HAL http://www.halliburton.com/en-US/defaultRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagesfollowing classification of cases by subject matter to be helpful. I thank those of you who made this and other suggestions. Classification of Cases by Major Marketing Topics Topics Most Relevant Cases Marketing Research and Consumer Analysis Coca-Cola, Disney, McDonald’s, Google, Starbucks Product Starbucks, Nike, Coke/Pepsi, McDonald’s, Maytag, Dell, Hewlett-Packard, Newell Rubbermaid, DaimlerChrysler, Kmart/Sears, Harley-Davidson, Boeing/Airbus, Merck, Boston Beer, Firestone/FordRead More65 Successful Harvard Business School Application Essays 2nd Edition 147256 Words   |  190 PagesBUSINESS SCHOOL HARVARD SUCCESSFUL 65 APPLICATION SECOND EDITION E S S AY S APPLICATION BUSINESS SCHOOL HARVARD SUCCESSFUL 65 ECSNS A IYI O N S SE O D ED T With Analysis by the Staff of The Harbus, the Harvard Business School Newspaper ST. MARTIN’S GRIFFIN NEW YORK 65 SUCCESSFUL HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL APPLICATION ESSAYS, SECOND EDITION. Copyright  © 2009 byThe Harbus News Corporation. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of AmericaRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesHow Good Are My Listening Skills? 360 Questions for Review 360 Experiential Exercise An Absence of Nonverbal Communication 361 Ethical Dilemma Pitfalls of E-Mail 361 Case Incident 1 Using Social Media to Your Advantage 362 Case Incident 2 Should Companies That Fire Shoot First? 362 12 Leadership 367 What Is Leadership? 368 Trait Theories 369 Behavioral Theories 370 Summary of Trait Theories and Behavioral Theories 372 Contingency Theories 372 The Fiedler Model 373 †¢ Other Contingency TheoriesRead Morepreschool Essay46149 Words   |  185 Pagesthe preschool learning foundations research consortium. Visual and Performing Arts Liane Brouillette, University of California, Irvine Victoria Brown, Lucy School Lisa Catterall, Imagination Group Joyce Jordan, University of Miami Gwen Morgan-Beazell, Santa Ana College Linda Neelly, University of Connecticut Nancy Ng, Luna Kids Dance Physical Development David Gallahue, Indiana University Clersida Garcia, Northern Illinois University Patricia Kimbrell, San Diego State University

Essay about Robert Lee Frost - 1452 Words

Robert Lee Frost The mark of a great poet is his ability to engage the reader so that they analyse their own lives. Robert Lee Frost (1874 – 1963) – an influential American poet often associated with rural New England – is brilliant at this and uses poetry as a platform for the expression of his own general ideology. Frost’s belief that human society was often chaotic and stressful and that the meaning of life is elusive, has been promoted in his poetry. Frost looked to nature, whose undying beauty and simplicity did not force him into a strict, moulded society, but represented freedom from life and its constant stresses of family and work as a metaphor to show the stark comparison. This ideology derives from Frost’s childhood – where†¦show more content†¦The farm was failing badly and Frost was finding it hard to make the payments. He had to make the decision wether to battle on with the well worn path of struggling on with the farm hoping to recupe rate his losses, or following one less worn – to move on and seek his fortunes elsewhere. Frost of course took the latter, deciding to go against the norms of society, which he seemed to find unjust yet he is still unsure if he has chosen the right path, thus the poem ends ambiguously, encouraging the audience to question their own lives. Frost’s poetry often expresses his disenchantment with the pressures of society and the need to take time out, or rebel against these pressures is evident in â€Å"Stopping by the Woods on a Snowy Evening.† From the year 1899 onwards, when frost was working full time as a teacher and a farm hand, he decided to quit these well celebrated jobs and devote himself to the penniless existence of poetry writing (R.H. Winnick, http://www.robertfrost.org/bio.html). Again using the metaphor nature, Frost relates his poem to this life experience. The stop in the snowy woods resembles the break from work and society that he decided to take. In the second stanza he mentions his horse; â€Å"My little horse must think it queer To stop†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦He gives his harness bells a shake To ask if there is some mistake† While the woods represent the mystery and excitement of nature – the poetry he could be writing, the freedom he never received in his early years,Show MoreRelatedFrost, By Robert Lee Frost1565 Words   |  7 PagesAs Robert Lee Frost, an honored American poet once said, â€Å"A poem begins as a lump in the throat, a sense of wrong, a homesickness, a lovesickness.† Frost earned respect through his expertise in colloquial language, and his descriptive interpretations of rural life. Frost often analyzed social and philosophical leitmotifs using settings from early twenty-first century New England. Frost was honored in his lifetime with four Pulitzers. Furthermore, focusing mostly on analyzing Frost’s most popularRead MoreThe Biography of Robert Lee Frost600 Words   |  3 Pages The Biography of Robert Lee Frost Introduction: Robert Frost was described as one of the most greatest poets in the 20th century and became a sensation for poetry. Its not just his poems that interest the reader, but also his quotes can fulfill your compassion. For example, â€Å"No tears in the writer, no tears in the reader. No surprise in the writer, no surprise in the reader† written by Robert Frost. He is explaining if the reader does not feel the connection in the writers thought, the writerRead MoreThe Poetry of Robert Lee Frost810 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"Poetry is when an emotion has found its thought and the thought has found words,† Robert Frost once said. As is made fairly obvious by this quote, Frost was an adroit thinker. It seems like he spent much of his life thinking about the little things. He often pondered the meaning and symbolism of things he found in nature. Many readers find Robert Frost’s poems to be straightforward, yet his work contains deeper layers of complexity beneath the surf ace. These deeper layers of complexity can be clearlyRead MoreBiography of Robert Lee Frost Essay650 Words   |  3 PagesBiography of Robert Lee Frost Biography of Robert Lee Frost A poem begins with a lump in the throat, a home-sickness or a love-sickness. It is a reaching-out toward expression; an effort to find fulfillment. A complete poem is one where an emotion has found its thought and the thought has found the words Robert Lee Frost once said. Robert Frost is widely admired and recognized for his literary works. He was an honored poet of the twentieth century. Frost may have lived a troubling lifeRead MoreA Brief Biography of Robert Lee Frost1119 Words   |  5 Pages Final Copy Robert Lee Frost was born March 26th 1874 in San Francisco California. He was born to parents William Prescott Frost and Isabelle Moodie. His father was a teacher and later an editor of the San Francisco Evening Bulletin, which later merged with the San Francisco Examiner, following his death on May 5, 1885, the family uprooted and moved across the country to Lawrence, Massachusetts with ‘Robert’s’ Grandfather. After graduating from Lawrence High School in 1892, Robert attended DartmouthRead MoreRobert Frost s The Gift Outright 1313 Words   |  6 PagesRobert Frost Emma Ramsey English 6th Hour December 8, 2012 â€Æ' Robert Frost According to PoetryFoundation.org, â€Å"Robert Frost holds a unique and almost isolated position in American letters.† Robert Frost is very popular for his realistic writings of rural life. He was a great poet and was honored frequently during his lifetime. Frost received four Pulitzer Prizes for Poetry and recited his poem, â€Å"The Gift Outright,† at President John F. Kennedy’s inauguration in January 1961 which got him nationalRead MoreThe Road Not Taken and Neither Out Far Nor in Deep by Robert Frost1436 Words   |  6 PagesThe Road Not Taken and Neither Out Far Nor in Deep by Robert Frost Robert Lee Frost is an American poet who is known for his verse concerning nature and New England life. He was born in San Francisco in 1874. When his father died in 1885, his mother moved the family to Lawrence, Massachusetts. Frost attended college sporadically after graduating high school and made a living by working as a bobbin boy in a wool mill, a shoemaker, a country schoolteacher, editor of a rural newspaper, andRead More Frosts Life as a Poet Essay2465 Words   |  10 Pages Robert Frost’s Life as a Poet Robert Lee Frost was born in San Francisco, California on March 26 of 1974 and died in Boston, Massachusetts on January 29 of 1963. Though he did not truly start publishing poems until age thirty-nine, Frost obtained four Pulitzer prizes in his writing career and was deemed one of the greatest twentieth century poets. His pastoral writing and skilled use of meter and rhythm has captured the attention of reader’s and critics for decades (Academic American, 345). FrostRead MoreFinally In To Kill A Mockingbird, The Issue Of Coming Of1161 Words   |  5 Pagesacts more mature while watching his sister. â€Å"Jem put his arm around me. â€Å"Hush Scout,† he said. It ain’t time to worry yet. I’ll let you know when† (Lee 78). By the end of the story, this once immature boy has turned into a strong, level-headed teenager, â€Å"who was becoming almost as good as Atticus at making you feel right when things went wrong† (Lee 298). In the poem, A Road Not Taken, coming of age is part of the story in many different areas. One example would be where the traveler comes toRead More Robert Frost Essay559 Words   |  3 Pages Robert Frost nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Robert Lee Frost, was one of America’s leading 20th Century poets, and a four time winner of the Pulitzer Prize. Frost did not receive these recognitions until his later years when his poetic brilliance was finally recognized. â€Å"Frost was a pioneer in the interplay of rhythm and meter†( Waggoner 1). Frost’s brilliance was contributed by many things; including his life, career, and literary works. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Robert Frost was born on March

Still Alice Free Essays

Still Alice, October 15,2012, #14159336 Life is a precious gift. It is not about the gifts we are given in our lives, but how we use those gifts. Do we take for granted our lives and just how precious they are or does it take a tragedy to really find out? Still Alice is a moving novel describing the inevitable downward spiral Alzheimer’s disease causes and how we must appreciate all we have because at any age, our lives could change drastically. We will write a custom essay sample on Still Alice or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is unimaginable how Alzheimer’s disease changes a person’s entire life, but with the support of family, friends, and colleagues, it is possible for Alice to stay true to herself, live with the disease, and remember she is not the disease, but rather still Alice (Genova). Dr. Alice Howland, a fifty-one year old woman, is a fantastic mother, wife, and professor at Harvard University. After struggling with simple everyday tasks involving her memory, Alice decided to see a doctor to get evaluated to see if there was anything to be concerned about. Ruling out it was not menopausal symptoms or the stress of everyday life, she was sent home and told to continue to evaluate herself at home. About a month later, she was diagnosed with early onset Alzheimer’s disease (Genova). This diagnosis changed her life forever. John, Alice’s husband, was closest to her and they had an incredible relationship and marriage. Unfortunately for Alice, John never fully understood what she was going through. When Alice first breaks the news to him, he went into immediate denial. He took her to another doctor and had more tests run. It was somehow impossible to believe the love of his life, the perfect, intelligent woman he married would have to struggle and lose herself for the rest of their lives. After awhile of denial, he became aware of how much she really needed him to be there for her. He set aside his true feelings and began doing more things to help her feel happy and not trudge on through life. The best thing he did for her was go running every single night with her. Not only was it great alone time for them, but he Still Alice, October 15,2012, #14159336 as helping her feel youthful and like herself again each time they took a jog. Sometimes his undying love for his wife would take over and he would be there for her, especially the night she got lost in their own home and she broke down. He held her while she sobbed (Genova 150). Overtime it was if the disease became too hard for John to handle and he missed who is wife used to be rather than loving her unconditionally. He lost his patience quickly wh ich showed one night when Alice went to change, but could not figure out how to get her bra on, but she did not realize she was holding underwear instead. She quickly laughed it off while John yelled at her telling her how it was not funny she was losing her mind (Genova 199). In the end, Alzheimer’s was overtaking John’s life and rather than living with it, he pretended as if Alice would just tag along with him to a new job promotion in New York. Alice and her children knew this would make her memory and mindset go downhill quickly, but John did not seem to care. Leaving her behind with a caretaker and their children in Cambridge, John went on to New York (Genova). Alice’s colleagues were a different story. Alice finished the semester and was hoping to teach another year at Harvard, but her student evaluations made her decision for her. It was evident she was not the same great professor she used to be and her ability to conduct class was declining fast to the point where she would repeat the same lecture or show up on some days for a few minutes then just leave (Genova 180). She told her boss about her disease and together they decided it would be best for her to take the year off and then take a sabbatical. Her boss felt horrible, but Alice knew it was best and she never wanted to be known has a bad professor so this was best. Besides having to end her professional career, Alice’s role as a mother and wife were deeply impacted. At times she would not know who her children were, especially Lydia, â€Å"the actress†. She tried her best to be loving and caring for all three of her children and her husband, Still Alice, October 15,2012, #14159336 but sometimes it became overwhelming and she just needed alone time. One night Lydia, her daughter, was there to stay the night while John was out of town and Alice did her best to force her out and claim she didn’t need her help. Lydia knew better and out of the love for her mother, she stayed with her all night. Alice continued loving John unconditionally even when it was hard and she felt a little depressed. With all of her heart, she never wanted to let her husband go. She constantly reminded her family she loved them even when eventually she wouldn’t remember them (Genova). Alzheimer’s is never good, but it can give secret blessing. The biggest blessing she received as a result of her disease was the relationship with her daughter Lydia. All along Alice had a hard time supporting Lydia because she wanted her to go to college instead of aspiring to be an actress. Realizing it is more important to be a supportive mother, Alice went to Lydia’s performances and discussed acting with her daughter. They became closer than they ever and Alice was so proud at the end of the book hen Lydia was accepted and planned to attended Brandeis University in their hometown (Genova 258). After reading this novel, I thought very carefully on whether or not I would want to know if I will have Alzheimer’s or not like Alice’s children found out in the novel. I came to the conclusion; I would not want to know. Living life to its absolute fullest is what I am all about. Knowing down the road in my later life I will be diagnosed with Alzheimer’s would scare me. I think I would stray away from the carefree, fun-loving person I am and just become stressed for my own future and what was to come. I love living in the moment, and if the moment arrives where I am diagnosed with this disease, I will face the challenge, but until then, I am going to enjoy every minute of my life. Still Alice, October 15,2012, #14159336 I admire Alice for the person she was throughout the entire book and her daughter Lydia’s attitude. There is little time for being sad right when someone is diagnosed, but after that you have to be supportive and caring. It’s not the disease caretakers live with, but the person and I feel that is very crucial to remember. As the presenter said in class, â€Å"There are rules of engagement we must recognize. They live in their own reality, have their own logic, and cannot reason, therefore we need to enter their reality† (Ms. Byergo). Accepting them for who they are and who they will become with the disease is the best thing I can think I would do. It would be an honor to work with elderly and individuals with Alzheimer’s or a form of dementia. With the typical person being older than I am now, they would have so much wisdom and things to teach me. I think telling stories and sharing memories is a great way to relive the great days before the disease really takes over. I am a great listener and love hearing stories from older, wiser people because they have more fully experienced life and shared in the beauty of it. They can relive their youth through me and I could learn how to become a fantastic adult through them. It would be a great experience. Still Alice surprised me by how well written and real life it was. I felt like I was part of the Howland family and as if I was going through everything with them. It captured my attention and stole my heart. I can’t imagine going through such an experience, but if I ever do, I will be glad I read this novel. Still Alice, October 15,2012, #14159336 Works Cited Byergo, Ms. â€Å"Aging and Alzheimer’s. † University of Missouri. Arts Science Building, Columbia, MO. 9 October 2012. Lecture. Genova, Lisa. Still Alice: A Novel. New York: Gallery, 2009. Print. How to cite Still Alice, Essay examples

Need of IT in Telstra an Australian Telecommunication Company

Question: Discuss about the Need of IT in Telstra an Australian Telecommunication Company. Answer: Introduction Information technology becomes necessary in business as it has an important role for fulfilling the present demands of customers and updated the technology used in the business organization. IT allows organizations to have paperless job and depending on the digital databases, the organization can easily and safely store data and retrieve them as well. On the other hand, development of IT helps telecom business through reducing labour productivity and economic development and detects the indices as well as indicators to measure the development. Present study deals with the impact of IT on business performance of Telstra, a telecommunication organization at Australia. Need of IT in Telstra Drnevich and Croson (2013) stated that as IT and telecommunication is continuously evolving in several industries, understandably are facing high level of threat of obsolescence. In addition, deregulation as well as a host of the regulation of the Government across the world has intensified with competition in the players as well as heightened requirements for gaining better competitive edge as well as stronger protection of the intellectual property (Telstra.com.au 2017). Opportunity has worked with wide strategic business research provider of service as well as telecom industry intelligence service provider across Australia in the particular area of strategic profiles of business research. In Telstra, it is important to deliver exhaustive customer as well as competitive intelligence report along B2B marketplace evaluation reports on the periodic basis. In addition, several landscaping analysis as well as license detection services required for the organization that needs IT in the business of the organization. Ranking for telecom major as well as license analysis are required to fulfil in technology. Thus, it becomes necessary for Telstra to adopt IT in their business. Importance of IT for business survival Chae, Koh and Prybutok (2014) stated that it is difficult to imagine that any types of business are not benefitted from digitalized revolution like Telstra. Use of computers for recording productivity and financial planning as well as research on the technical issues are required for development of IT and implementation in the telecom sector. Schwalbe (2015) asserted that at present days, formula to get success in business of telecom industry becomes simple. It drives innovation with adoption of information technology in the business. Thus, it is requires to set up the ideas and deploying the business strategy in Telstra to survive in the business. Required field for applying IT in Telstra Piotrowicz and Cuthbertson (2014) mentioned that success of every business depends on some specific factors such as effective cost analysis, e appropriate planning, suitable design, updated equipments, installation as well as training. Selection of proper technology and future vision helps to get accurate analysis for the organization. Information technology can provide ample scopes to analyze specific data as well as plan for business journey of Telstra (Telstra.com.au 2017). Adopting IT in the business of the organization acts an important role through providing several tools that are able to solve complicated issues as well as plan scalability of the business. Digital marketing is one of the great tools used by Telstra promote products as well as services of the organization to the global market sitting comfort at office. On the other hand, cloud computing as well as modern communication enables to develop a global organization that can be able to manage virtual offices across the world. Use of IT in Telstra Telstra uses IT in several ways like to ease work for employees and fulfilling demands of the customers and suppliers. Speed as well as accuracy is major factors for making correct decision for the business of the organization (Orlikowski et al. 2016). Every successful enterprise like Telstra needs to go through market research procedure that enables the management of the organization in order to make appropriate decision. With the help of IT, Telstra can achieve effective market research in several methods through online surveys, blogs, and forums along with using WWW. At present, the company has started to use big data and Google Analytics as well as Microsoft CRM Dynamics (Telstra.com.au 2017). These are effective tools in order to extract useful information that can have impact on the process of decision making (Lee et al. 2014). The online tools used by Telstra not only offer real time responses from the best possible audience but also makes sure accuracy of the data by reducing risks of human errors. Marketing is one of the major segments of any kind of business organization like Telstra. The management of the organization can be enabled through identifying target audience and observe their trends as well as requirements (Trainor et al. 2014). Adoption of IT can be helpful to the organization as it covers public relation, promotion and sales as well as advertising that subsequently impact on development of the business. Benefits of using IT in Telstra Implementation of IT in the business of Telstra provides several advantages. It helps to make efficient decision making process and marketing as well as progress in the business development can be achieved for using IT in the organization. Schryen (2013) commented that digital marketing and web marketing have been opened a global market for the organization. On the other hand, search engine optimization, pay per click, discussion forum and social media marketing helps the organization to increase brand value of the particular organization in the market along with across the world. Higher level of customer satisfaction is one of the key factors for success that cannot be achieved without real time process for customer service. Success of Telstra depends on understanding requirements of the customers requirements, trends and behaviour as well as level of satisfaction (Gelenbe and Caseau 2015). Effective communication is one of the best tools used in order to comprehend demands, issues as well as their solutions. Internet technology enables the staffs of Telstra to communicate with the customers effectively. In addition, adoption of the technology in Telstra helps to resource management that is considered as vital role in success of the business (Telstra.com.au 2017). It is difficult to manage the resources manually. Hence, use of IT in the business of Telstra helps to manage the resources efficiently (Bloom et al. 2014). It improves flexibility of the organization through adoption of any type of situations. On the other hand, understanding demands of the custome rs through effective communication allows the organization to increase revenue of the organization. In addition, as implementation of IT can reduce manual process that helps the organization to reduce cost of labour. Risks for implementing IT in Telstra Tong, Tak and Wong (2015) stated that there are several advantages for using IT in Telstra. However, it brings some limitation in business of the organization. There are several general threats for implementing IT in the business organization. Hardware and software failure like power loss and data corruption can occur for implementing IT in Telstra. In addition, there are scopes to entry for malware that are designed for disrupting operation of the systems in the organization. Viruses can affect overall data security and confidentiality of the business organization. Moreover, human generated errors for wrong processing of data and careless disposal of data can occur that are considered as threats for the organization (Laudon and Laudon 2013). Criminal IT threats are common risks to implement IT in Telstra. In addition, overreliance on security monitoring software can be disrupted in their service and considered as a great risk for implementing IT in the organization (Telstra.com.au, 2017). On the other hand, outpace security is one of the great issues considered in business of the organization. Maintenance and monitoring IT As stated by Gatautis (2015), it is important to have proper maintenance of IT and its application in business of Telstra. The organization follows some measures to maintain the system. They install anti-virus in order to secure the system. In addition, development network follows appropriate protocol that is ensured by the organization. However, maintenance consists of software changes and hardware changes as well as network changes and patches, fixes and cabling. Moreover, mandatory maintenance and monitoring requires to compromise with safety and security of data of the organization, elevates probability for unexpected outage more than 5 % (Lucas et al. 2013). Furthermore, monitoring cloud services can be helpful for the organization to reduce the risk associated with adopting IT in business of the organization. Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be concluded that current business organization needs to adopt changes in order to gain competitive advantages in the business and retain with respective position. As information technology allows organizations to adopt its applications, it becomes one of necessary factors considered for getting success in the market. However, it is required to select the field where IT is needed and analyze the market level competency to survive in the business. There are various advantages for implementing IT in the business. Thus, management of the organization needs to use the technology in effective way. On contrary, risks are also associated with implementation of IT in the business organization. Therefore, it is required to take proper measures in order to minimize the errors and generate risks free applications. References Bloom, N., Garicano, L., Sadun, R., and Van Reenen, J. (2014). The distinct effects of information technology and communication technology on firm organization.Management Science,60(12), 2859-2885. Chae, H. C., Koh, C. E., and Prybutok, V. R. (2014). Information Technology Capability and Firm Performance: Contradictory Findings and Their Possible Causes.Mis Quarterly,38(1), 305-326. Drnevich, P. L., and Croson, D. C. (2013). Information technology and business-level strategy: Toward an integrated theoretical perspective.Mis Quarterly,37(2), 483-509. Gatautis, R. (2015). The impact of ICT on public and private sectors in Lithuania.Engineering Economics,59(4). Gelenbe, E., and Caseau, Y. (2015). The impact of information technology on energy consumption and carbon emissions.Ubiquity,2015(June), 1. Laudon, K. C., and Laudon, J. P. (2013). Management Information Systems 13e. Lee, G., DeLone, W., Tan, M., and Corrales, M. (2014). Special issue on leveraging the IS organization for business value creation. Lucas Jr, H. C., Agarwal, R., Clemons, E. K., El Sawy, O. A., and Weber, B. W. (2013). Impactful Research on Transformational Information Technology: An Opportunity to Inform New Audiences.Mis Quarterly,37(2), 371-382. Orlikowski, W. J., Walsham, G., Jones, M. R., and DeGross, J. (Eds.). (2016).Information technology and changes in organizational work. Springer. Piotrowicz, W., and Cuthbertson, R. (2014). Introduction to the special issue information technology in retail: Toward omnichannel retailing.International Journal of Electronic Commerce,18(4), 5-16. Schryen, G. (2013). Revisiting IS business value research: what we already know, what we still need to know, and how we can get there.European Journal of Information Systems,22(2), 139-169. Schwalbe, K. (2015).Information technology project management. Cengage Learning. Telstra.com.au. (2017).Telstra - mobile phones, prepaid phones, broadband, internet, home phones, business phones. [online] Available at: https://www.telstra.com.au/ [Accessed 21 May 2017]. Tong, C., Tak, W. I. W., and Wong, A. (2015). The Impact of knowledge sharing on the relationship between organizational culture and Job satisfaction: The perception of information communication and technology (ICT) practitioners in Hong Kong.International Journal of Human Resource Studies,5(1), 19. Trainor, K. J., Andzulis, J. M., Rapp, A., and Agnihotri, R. (2014). Social media technology usage and customer relationship performance: A capabilities-based examination of social CRM.Journal of Business Research,67(6), 1201-1208.

Late Adulthood Case Study Essay Example

Late Adulthood Case Study Essay Valentine has been losing his hearing which typically add up in lat adult hood years (Ch 17, pg. 491). He feels horrible and helpless. Even though his doctor gave him an ear piece so that he can hear, he just don’t feel comfortable. He never noticed how important his hearing was until now. As he is getting older he has realized that he hasn’t accomplished a lot of dreams. But now that he has balance issues because of the fact that he wasn’t a really active person in his younger years as he should have been, now he can’t do as much as he would like to (Ch 17, pg. 495). For example, he has always wanted to go rock climbing with his wife. Life has passed them by so quickly. They got to involved with everyday problems that they never took the time to take a vacation for an adventure. His life satisfaction is not as great as many of his friends are (Ch. 18, pg. 517). There is one thing he don’t regret, that is his family. His son has made him very proud. He never would of thought that his son would grow up to be a doctor. Other people pressure there children to do something in their lives, Valentine and his wife always supported their son in everything he did. We will write a custom essay sample on Late Adulthood Case Study specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Late Adulthood Case Study specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Late Adulthood Case Study specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer He is just a fortunate father with a great son. His college friends and their wives come and visit Valentine and his wife every weekend. They usually talk for hours which is part of their social engagement (Ch. 18, pg. 517). Although they all live a different life style they have managed to keep their friendship strong. Especially in these years where it is needed the most. They have all involved themselves in volunteer work so that they wouldn’t be at home bored and doing nothing or even just being lonely.

Free Essays on Sonolegna

Discovering The Sonelegna Highly secretive â€Å"mystery religions† of the Sonelegna can be hypothesized to have caused the major temples of their urban center to have distinctive architectural characteristics. But more widespread magical beliefs and ritual folk practices can, by the same token, be theorized to account for the Sonelegna’s frequent repetition of architectural elements in the religious buildings of outlying population hubs and also for their even more consistent repetition of both architectural motifs and emblems in their roadside shrines. While I was doing my research I cam across a massive structure. It appeared that the Sonolegna had named this structure the SELPATS RETNEC. This building was clearly the place where the Sonolegna gathered to exercise their religious rituals. Their rituals must include prayer to the God of light, evidenced by the great neon illumination surrounding SELPATS RETNEC. This great light is a call to its followers, attracting them to come and take part in the main ritual of LLABTEKSAB, during which the Solonegna pick their â€Å"Chosen One.† Select Sonolegna must run back and forth across a wooden board about thirty yard in length. Whoever endures the longest is chosen by the God of Light to be worthy of sitting on top of one of the baskets. Stepping outside of the SELPATS RETNEC, I noticed several imposing KNABs. This must be where the Sonolegna keep their crown jewels. I also discovered great quantities of rectangular papers inscribed with pictures of those chosen by the G od of Light. The KNABs were situated strategically amongst tall towers. In these monolithic structures the Sonolegna make their futile attempts to reach their Gods in heaven. The second mornings research involved an extensive tour of the great LLAMs, that were precisely situated in the center of every city. Upon entering most LLAMs, I found it particularly interesting to see various creatures trapped in ... Free Essays on Sonolegna Free Essays on Sonolegna Discovering The Sonelegna Highly secretive â€Å"mystery religions† of the Sonelegna can be hypothesized to have caused the major temples of their urban center to have distinctive architectural characteristics. But more widespread magical beliefs and ritual folk practices can, by the same token, be theorized to account for the Sonelegna’s frequent repetition of architectural elements in the religious buildings of outlying population hubs and also for their even more consistent repetition of both architectural motifs and emblems in their roadside shrines. While I was doing my research I cam across a massive structure. It appeared that the Sonolegna had named this structure the SELPATS RETNEC. This building was clearly the place where the Sonolegna gathered to exercise their religious rituals. Their rituals must include prayer to the God of light, evidenced by the great neon illumination surrounding SELPATS RETNEC. This great light is a call to its followers, attracting them to come and take part in the main ritual of LLABTEKSAB, during which the Solonegna pick their â€Å"Chosen One.† Select Sonolegna must run back and forth across a wooden board about thirty yard in length. Whoever endures the longest is chosen by the God of Light to be worthy of sitting on top of one of the baskets. Stepping outside of the SELPATS RETNEC, I noticed several imposing KNABs. This must be where the Sonolegna keep their crown jewels. I also discovered great quantities of rectangular papers inscribed with pictures of those chosen by the G od of Light. The KNABs were situated strategically amongst tall towers. In these monolithic structures the Sonolegna make their futile attempts to reach their Gods in heaven. The second mornings research involved an extensive tour of the great LLAMs, that were precisely situated in the center of every city. Upon entering most LLAMs, I found it particularly interesting to see various creatures trapped in ...

Tracing Rules Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Tracing Rules - Essay Example It need not be a proprietary right. Often the tracing exercise begins with a bank account, which is a personal right against a bank.1 And sometimes, the repository of value with which the plaintiff begins is not a right at all, but is rather in the form of services. Services can enhance the value of assets, and in this way the value inherent in the services can be traced into the enhanced asset. It is sometimes said that a prerequisite to tracing in a court of equity is the establishment of a fiduciary relationship.2 If this were true, the consequences would be startling. A trustee sells trust land, and deposits the proceeds into a bank account into which he has earlier deposited some money of his own. A court of equity will allow the beneficiary to trace from the land, previously owned by the claimant in equity, into the balance in the bank account. It will also allow claimant to assert equitable proprietary rights in the bank account; that is a separate issue. On the other hand, a thief steals some money from claimant and pays it into a bank account into which thief has earlier deposited some money of his own. The tracing exercise would appear to be even simpler. But the thief does not owe fiduciary obligations to claimant. If it is true that a fiduciary relation is a prerequisite to tracing in a court of equity, then a court of equity is unable to trace into the bank account in the second situation. This seems absurd. What could possibly be the reason for such a requirement The standard explanation is that it is necessary to found the jurisdiction of equity: Agip ( Africa) Ltd v. Jackson. When a plaintiff wishes to conduct the exercise of tracing, he wishes to establish that the value inherent in his asset has been used to acquire another asset. That alone neither gives nor denies hearing jurisdiction to the Court of Chancery or its successor, a court exercising equitable jurisdiction. If the plaintiff is seeking specific performance or rectification, then t he Court of Chancery would have hearing jurisdiction, and it would allow him to try to prove the making of the contract. If he was merely seeking damages for breach of contract, then the Court of Chancery had no order jurisdiction to grant that remedy and so it would decline hearing jurisdiction.3 The exercise of proving the existence of the contract is neither peculiarly equitable nor peculiarly legal.4 The fact that a plaintiff wishes to trace is not determinative of whether the court has hearing jurisdiction. It is an exercise which is neither peculiarly equitable nor peculiarly legal. Moreover, it is neither peculiarly proprietary nor peculiarly personal; tracing is not a right but an exercise. But equitable rights, properly so called, are different in many ways from common law rights, and so the relief sought by the plaintiff is peculiarly equitable or peculiarly legal. Whether or not there is equitable jurisdiction to hear a claim is determined by the relief which is sought. I f the plaintiff asserts that she holds equitable proprietary rights in some new asset, then that is a claim which only a court of equity can evaluate; and that is the source of the court's hearing jurisdiction. But it makes no sense that a plaintiff should have to establish a fiduciary relationship merely to conduct the exercise of showing that her asset was used to acquire some other asset. When the Court of Appeal expressed its view that a fiduciary

Interconnectedness & Complexity Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Interconnectedness & Complexity - Coursework Example Woodrow Wilson (1887) meant that the consideration of politics and administration as separate elements they serve different roles. For instance, politics deals with the laws governing the planning of an area while administration is the execution and maintenance of the plans (Rosenbloom, 2015). Despite the two should be separated, they still interact with the urban planning practices because of the laws and administration. In reality, politics control urban planning to promote the interests of the parties and this should not be used in the administration of the urban centers. The concepts of interconnectedness and complexity compare with the theory posited by Woodrow claiming that the administration is separate from politics through the principles involved when executing the concepts (Rosenbloom, 2015). This implies that the two concepts are separate but must be incorporated to produce the desired outcomes. This is because of the usefulness of the separate variables used to determine the traffic flow and enhance time saving. Woodrow claims that the two should be separated to influence distinctiveness and inclusivity (Levy,

QUALITATIVE STUDY OF REASONS FOR NON- PARTICIPATION IN REGULAR Essay

QUALITATIVE STUDY OF REASONS FOR NON- PARTICIPATION IN REGULAR PHYSICAL RECREATION - Essay Example Therefore, it is vital to address this issue and comprehend the reasons why some women do not take part in leisureliness activities. The ‘qualitative’ study in this report deliberates the chief subjects or motives for non-partaking from women and likens these motives between matrimonial men and women. In the beginning this research, will provide a brief review of some previous research in this field mainly the reasons for not taking part in physical activity. In the second part, this research will provide a short description of the research method employed to collect data for quantitative research and lastly, it will illustrate and demonstrate the main reason for non-participation in physical recreation of married women and men. Literature Review There have been various studies concerning the subject of non-participation of married men and women in regular physical recreation. From various studies carried out earlier, a significant number of married men and women have li mited time to take part in regular physical activity because of various roles at hand. Time insufficiency according to research is the feeling that a person does not have adequate time to carry out all things that one would like to carry out. This has become one of the big complications that both men and women are encountering currently. Various researches have reported that time issues are the most regularly stated explanations or causes for not taking part in regular recreational activities (Thomsson, 2004). Lack of adequate time is also considered as the most limiting aspect to various individuals who desire to take part in a multiplicity of recreational activities, as well as for not using homegrown park and recreation services. Research shows that married women are at a greater disadvantage concerning time for regular recreation than men. This is because of various household responsibilities and family devotions compared to their male counterparts. Further studies have revealed that both working and unemployed married women have limited time for recreation activities than their husbands.it has been emphasized by research that limited time because of family responsibilities was noted by women as a primary barriers in early and later family stages. In addition, lack of enough finances also causes lack of participation in regular recreational activities. Research shows that low income limits access to the resources and abilities necessary to take part in a range of recreation activities. This is because finance is positively related to participation in various sorts of leisure activities, as well as use of public park and recreation resources. For instance, the development of outdoor recreation has also been ascribed to an increase in the gross national product and individual incomes. Family magnitudes have reduced over the years and the fraction of married partners with children in the populace has minimized. Concurrently, the portion of ‘single-paren t’ families has increased; however, single-parent families characteristically have lesser earnings, a lesser amount of movement, and a lesser amount of free time than do two-parent families do (Torkildsen, 2007). Thus, single-parent families are expected to profit from outdoor recreation chances that are near to their homes. In addition, coming from unprivileged homes or lack of sources because of proceeds means that some married couples cannot take part in recreational acti

Aspects of microeconomics and macroeconomics

Aspects of microeconomics and macroeconomics On this assignment will be looking into different aspect of microeconomics and macroeconomics, will be taken into consideration the definition and concept of the whole question as follow below. Part 1 (Micro section) Q1 To help understands by defining Demand that is the quantity of a good which consumers want, and are prepared and able to pay for. In this case the demand of organic food and drink has fallen sharply, and the main influence for fallen on demand for those products are: price; income; the price of substitute goods; the price of complements; taste; demographic factors; advertising and expectations. Price is one of the most important factors and it shift demand curve when it rises, the effect is shown by a movement along the demand curve, because consumers are likely to substitute cheaper alternative goods. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikibooks/en/c/c1/DemandCurveMovementExample2.png The demand curve is downward-sloping, showing that as a price falls, demand rises, and vice versa. In this graphic, a reduction of price from P2 to P1 causes a rise in demand from Q2 to Q1. Usually, the more people earn, the more they will spend. The demand for most goods increase as income rises, and these goods are known as normal goods. And organic food and drink are normal goods, because the demand falls as consumers income falls, and vice versa. Demand can change sometimes, because of the expectation of price changes in the future. For example, post-Christmas sales may push customers to postpone spending until January. In an article entitled Food Price, Ellis makes the point that (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) The proportion of shoppers buying organic food dropped by five per cent in the previous year. In July 2009, research carried out by marketing consultancy Cohn and Wolfe also reported that British shoppers are turning their backs on premium foods, organic produce and Fair-trade goods. According to the Cohn and Wolfe report, 69 per cent of shoppers say they intend to stick to their belt-tightening shopping practices even after the downturn ends (). www.bbc.co.uk/food/food_matters/foodprices.shtml#what_about_the_recession. Q2 The production possibility frontier illustrates the problems of scarcity and choice and the opportunity cost of resources allocation decisions. The opportunity cost of something is what you give up to get it. To understand the idea the economy, which produce two goods as manufacturing and financial services, with all resources employed, producing more financial services can only be achieved by some sacrifice on manufacturing services. It can be illustrated on diagram below shown. B A 0 The frontier shows all the maximum possible outputs given the economys existing quantity of resources. It can have any combination of goods along the line. Point A shows a society which is failing to use all of its resources to the full, either through inefficiency or unemployment. Point B is currently unachievable, but can be achieved throw economic growth. The shape of the curve is bowed outwards to the origin, is based on the notion of that society progressively allocates more resources to the production of a particular good, the opportunity cost of doing so will increase. In other words the curve is bold because the more input the less is the output. For example, UK economy is based on services because the government decide not to invest on manufacturing and thought the easiest way to make money is by providing financial services especially banks and shoppings only 13% of UK GDP comes from manufacturing. Now the services have been beaten by the recession, many banks are facing financial problems, because they use to lend money to people who were at lower income. Many of these people cannot repay their mortgage because they lost their jobs and they are haven their home been repossessed, it is causing serious problems on economy; records can be seen on graphic below. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7789844.stm Q5 It is important to be aware of the differences between theoretical models: a perfectly competitive firm; monopolistic competitive; oligopoly and a monopoly. But here only two will be taking into account. Perfectly Competitive Monopoly Very many small suppliers One supplier only Homogeneous goods; Suppliers products are a perfect substitute for one another One type of product only; no close substitutes available One market price Price set by one firm. Possibly price discrimination Demand curve of individual firm is horizontal. Demand curve of firm and industry is downward-sloping Perfect information Imperfect Information No barrier to entry in the long run Barriers to entry Clearly the assumptions essential perfect competitive extremely are not likely to apply in the real world; there is no market which obeys all the conditions. On the other hand, there are some that come close. The stock markets and foreign exchange are examples. Also complying with regulations the market is costly, as is training and equipment needed to operate in such a sophisticated, highly computerised market. As you can see, the conditions are not obeyed perfectly, but it may be that the markets are near enough the formal definition that displays the main characteristics of a theoretical perfectly competitive firm. The monopolist produces less, and charges more, than the perfectly competitive firm. He makes supernatural profits, which would be competed away in a perfectly competitive market in the long run. He may also be technically inefficient, operating at above minimum average cost. The monopolist equates marginal cost and marginal revenue. The perfectly competitive market equates marginal cost and average revenue. In perfect competition, each firm produces at the point where P=MC. PART 2 (Macro section) Q1 The economy is in recession because production is below its potential capacity, the term recession mean lack of money supplier. To respond this crisis the government is intervene through fiscal and monetary policy to increase aggregate demand, and the way for doing it is by supporting bank balance sheet; cutting in direct taxation(VAT -2.5); quantitative easing (bank of England) and employment level. Fiscal policy is basically about government taxation and expenditure. To help in this crisis the government has reduce the consumption tax VAT -2.5 to 15% to stimulate investment expenditure, but there was a big criticism about this idea, because reducing VAT did not cause long term impact in the economy, would cause more impact if they invest the  £12 billion building an public infrastructure to increase an aggregate demand. Monetary policy the bank of England is an independent monetary policy institution there a committee people appointed by government to make decision about interest rate, monetary policy is focus in regulating the money supplier in the economy through interest rate it has a big impact on aggregate demand. The bank of England has reduced its interest rate to 0.5% to boost the UK economy and start lending money to business and individuals. As the economy beginning to grown some others part of the economy will be automatically adjust, for example an increase on employment. Some companys worker has agreed to have a pay cut on their salaries to reduce people being redundant (BA Line). Automatic adjust as the economy beginning to grow the employment rate will decline http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7832714.stm According to Kyosaki, Robert, Rich dad poor dad 2, E, (2008), few people have anticipated the financial problems we face today were created more than 60 years ago by politicians and lawmakers predecessors. Q3 In the post-war period government have adopted four central objectives of macroeconomic policy: low inflation; full employment; rising economic growth and balance of payments. But full employment is too hard to archive especially there is a trend for national income to experience cycle of growth and contraction, i.e. boom and recession. These cause severe social problems as failing level of economic activity throws people out of work and causes business to fail. The term unemployment means those of working age who are without work, but who are available for work at current wage rates. Unemployment could still exist because of many causes mentioned below: Cyclical unemployment, this occurs due to a deficiency of demand, often refers to the fact that in such circumstances it is possible that prices will fall. Frictional unemployment, refer those people who are unemployed and jobs available rarely match perfectly, leading to an inevitable degree of unemployment. Technological unemployment, can occur when industry is growing and moving towards more efficient capital intensive methods of operation. Seasonal unemployment, relates to fluctuations in demand for labour directly related to cycles in demand for final product. Tourism and leisure industries are the best examples, these can contribute to regional problems as they are strong in particular areas. Some of the remedies that government can use to reduce the level of unemployment are: direct increase in government spending on public infrastructure; encouragement of business investment by offering grants and loans; encouragement of exports; subsidise firms in financial trouble, guarantee jobs for workers facing redundancy and to restrict imports of competing foreign goods and also using specific measures to get people back into work like new deal programme and so on. The relation between unemployment and inflation can be explained with Philips curve, by Professor AW Philips in the 1862-1958. Philips observed that the rate of change in money wages was inversely related to the level of unemployment. Rising money wages were identified as a source of inflation and the inflation appeared to be inversely related to the level of unemployment. http://welkerswikinomics.com/students/wp-content/uploads/2008/08/fig21-300269.jpg Q4 The globalization and the environment are linked, because for expansion of economic, environmental damage are produced that are essential to the process of globalization. Mander argue that Globalization is a human creation that aims to remove impediments, such as environmental laws that restrict companies access to resources and markets, environmental damage is therefore an intrinsic part of the globalization system. www.gale.cengage.com/pdf/samples/toc32870.pd The intention of having a globalized world and to lower trade barriers, protecting free trade and my environment, thus bringing the economic development in poor countries, so that people have access to information, improving their health and liability to environmental protection. The process helps to globalize the ideas run free from one country to another, increasing the availability of knowledge and other opinions, helping the development among the nations. But for many environmentalists and anti-globalists Globalization will lead to environmental disaster and will gradually lead to the destruction of the environment, because the vision of globalization and produced without precedents to environmental deterioration. Speth points out that Since the end of World War II economic expansion has produced enormous environmental damage and global economic development can be expected to bring about even more dire economic consequences. www.gale.cengage.com/pdf/samples/toc32870.pd He believes that with globalization the few developed countries are benefiting because there was an opening up huge markets for them, since many of these poor countries produce more effective products and efficient, doing so will be multinationals are setting up in places, boosting investment foreign direct investment, and generating many jobs open to residents, e.g. Asian Tigers of South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore demonstrated the great benefits of globalization and free trade. www.futureharvest.org/ news / globalization_pir. In the other hand, there is a great inequality and between rich and poor countries. Aislin It has been argued that poor countries are often exploited and pushed into the world trade forums. For example, it is evident when the rich nations are allowed to pay huge subsidies to their farmers, which leaves LDN is a disadvantage industrial Workers. http://www.abcnews.go.com/sections/politics/dailynews/TheNote_March5.html Q5 If imports goods are too high it may be possible to reduce demand for them in the economy by imposing tariffs to raise the price of imports goods to prevent unfair competition in the home market. Also to avoid buying product from the market were workers have been exploited to export their product cheap. This policy is likely to be met by retaliation from overseas countries, which will reduce exports putting the current account back into deficit. In addition, imposition of tariffs does not reduce expenditure if demand for imports is relatively inelastic, government policy favouring domestic suppliers may mean higher than necessary taxes to pay for the higher necessary purchase cost, and restrictions generally encourage smuggling and black market For example, a poor country that in main revenue comes from the tax on trade, if withdraw the tax trade its revenue will reduce significantly also the amount of investment on public infrastructure will be reduce, consequently many import goods may come into the market in a low price, causing the domestic goods serious problems on market as well as increase unemployment. The balance of payment also will be affected; because of lack of exportation it may cause government to borrow some money to balance the balance of payment.

The Aztecs :: essays research papers

The Aztecs The Aztec people ruled from the Gulf of Mexico to present day Guatemala. There capital city was Tenochititlan. The greatest controlling force was religion. It was shown in their architecture and sculpture.   They also had writing, numbers and a calendar. They had recorded dates for religious holidays. The children were taught respect, courtesy, truthfulness and self control. Aztec boys learned practical tasks from their fathers at home. Then when they reached 15 they went to a youth house. There elders taught the boys religion, citizenship, history, traditions and art. They also learned war. Girls could also learn to be priestesses in temple schools. The Aztecs were divided into tribes   that were dived into clans. Each clan had its own officials that represented them at tribal meetings. The land was dived up by the tribes. They controlled the land but the peasants farmed it having to give some of it to the chiefs and priests. The Aztecs worshipped a host of gods that represented nature. To win the gods aid they performed rituals and offered penance. Human sacrifice played an important role. Since life was a mans most valued possession it was the best thing to offer up to the gods. As the Aztec empire grew so did the human sacrifice. Sometimes the Aztecs performed cannibalism, believing they absorb the virtues of the slain. The sacrificed people were thought to be given a high place in heaven. The average Aztec was a farmer. He lived outside the city and grew crops for his tribe. Farming was the most important means of survival due to the warm, humid climate. They lived in small huts. The male was the head of the family. He would often arrange marriages for their children. The language they spoke was the Nahuan language that originated from the west coast of the united states. They wore elaborate colorful clothing made from animal skins that were traded from

Catechol Oxidase Lab

Catechol oxidase is an enzyme that speeds up the oxidation reaction when catechol is exposed to oxygen. When the reaction occurs, benzoquinone is produced turning the oxidized substance brown. It was hypothesized that the higher the concentration of catechol oxidase, the browner the substance will turn, and the faster it will achieve the color. In the present lab, different concentrations of catechol oxidase were mixed with pure catechol and the rate at which each solution browned was measured using a colorimeter.The results showed that the solution with the high concentration of catechol oxidase had the fastest rate at which it turned brown. However, it did not turn the brownest, the solution with the medium concentration of enzyme did. These results show that our hypothesis was both supported and not supported and it was concluded that increase in catechol oxidase concentration increases rate of turning brown but does not increase the level of brownness a substance becomes.Introduc tionHave you ever wondered why the inside of your apple turns brown if you leave it on the counter after taking a bite? This is because there is a compound within the apple called catechol which, when exposed to the air, becomes oxidized by the oxygen in the air and produces benzoquinone, which makes the apple appear brown (Andrew Clapper’s Online Journal, 2007). This chemical reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme catechol oxidase (Figure A.1). Enzymes are proteins in cells that speed up chemical reactions (Enzyme Procedure Guide, 2013). The catechol oxidase lowers the amount of energy needed in order for the catechol to be oxidized, which speeds the process up.Fig. A.1: The oxidation process of catechol with the help of catechol oxidase produces benzoquinone. (Enzyme Procedure PowerPoint, 2013)If you frequently eat apples you may have also noticed that different types apples brown at different rates. This is because each kind of apple has a different concentration of catechol oxidase (Daniela Finkel, 2013). Therefore, each apple has a unique speed at which it will produce benzoquinone, and turn brown.This experiment was designed to investigate the following hypothesis: The higher the concentration of catechol oxidase, the browner the substance will be, and the faster it will achieve the color (Enzyme Procedure Guide, 2013).Within the experiment, pure catechol was mixed with different concentrations of catechol oxidase and the rate at which each solution produced benzoquinone was measured. The amount of benzoquinone made throughout the trials was measured by using a colorimeter to measure the level of â€Å"brownness† of the liquid. The colorimeter worked by shining a light through the liquid and then measuring that light on the other side to see how much of it was absorbed.In this experiment, absorbance of blue light was measured because blue light is absorbed by the color brown. The amount of blue light absorbance was measured every 15 seconds fo r five minutes. Because enzymes speed up reactions, more enzymes would cause the reaction to be even faster.1Procedure/Materials and MethodsThe lab leaders and the Punk Rock Warlord prepared three different concentrations of catechol oxidase by extracting potato juice (because it contains lots of catechol oxidase). Pure catechol, a 5mL test tube, 1mL/5mL syringes, a colorimeter and water were also used. 4mL of pure catechol and 1mL of the highly concentrated catechol oxidase were measured with the syringes. Both liquids were then injected into the 5mL test tube. The 5mL tube was placed into the opening in the colorimeter and the lid of the  colorimeter was closed.The measure of absorbance of blue light displayed on the screen of the colorimeter was recorded every 15 seconds for five minutes. This procedure was repeated for two more trials, each with 4mL of pure catechol; one used 1mL of medium concentrated catechol oxidase and one used 1mL of low concentrated catechol oxidase.The independent variable was the concentration of catechol oxidase, the dependent variable was the rate of turning brown, there were no controls, there were three replications and the sample sizes were 11 (for high concentration) and 10 (for medium and low concentrations).Results SectionFigure 1 shows that before the rates began to plateau, the high enzyme concentration solution was turning brown the fastest. Table 1 shows that the high enzyme concentration had the fastest rate and that on average, it deviated from the mean more than the medium and low concentrations. Figure 2 shows that the high enzyme concentration solution was turning brown the fastest. Table 2 shows that the different rates each solution turned brown are statistically significant.Table 1: Average Rates of for High, Medium and Low Concentrations of Catechol Oxidase and the Absolute Average Deviations. Three different concentrations of catechol oxidase were added to pure catechol and the rate of change in the absorpti on of blue light (production of benzoquinone) was measured every 15 seconds using a colorimeter. Data shown as mean of % of absorption per minute. N=11 for the high concentration and n=10 for the medium and low concentrations. Concentration of CatecholAverage Slope (Rate) Abs. Ave. Dev. High 0.818 0.174 Medium 0.569 0.081 Low 0.196 0.120Table 2: T-Test Results When Comparing the Rates at Which Different Solutions Browned Three different concentrations of catechol oxidase were added to pure catechol and the rate of change in the absorption of blue light (because production of benzoquinone makes a substance brown) was measured every 15 seconds using a colorimeter. N=11 for high concentration and n=10 for medium and low concentrations. Enzyme ConcentrationsP-Value Low vs. Medium

Rare Earth Elements (Metals) - List

Rare Earth Elements (Metals) - List This is a list of rare earth elements (REEs), which are a special group of metals. Key Takeaways: List of Rare Earth Elements The rare earth elements (REEs) or rare earth metals (REMs) are a group of metals found within the same ores and possessing similar chemical properties.Scientists and engineers disagree on exactly which element should be included in a list of the rare earths, but they generally include the fifteen lanthanide elements, plus scandium and yttrium.Despite their name, the rare earths arent actually rare with respect to abundance in the Earths crust. The exception is promethium, a radioactive metal. The CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics and IUPAC list the rare earths as consisting of the lanthanides, plus scandium and yttrium. This includes atomic number 57 through 71, as well as 39 (yttrium) and 21 (scandium): Lanthanum (sometimes considered a transition metal)CeriumPraseodymiumNeodymiumPromethiumSamariumEuropiumGadoliniumTerbiumDysprosiumHolmiumErbiumThuliumYtterbiumLutetiumScandiumYttrium Other sources consider the rare earths to be the lanthanides and actinides: Lanthanum (sometimes considered a transition metal)CeriumPraseodymiumNeodymiumPromethiumSamariumEuropiumGadoliniumTerbiumDysprosiumHolmiumErbiumThuliumYtterbiumLutetiumActinium (sometimes considered a transition metal)ThoriumProtactiniumUraniumNeptuniumPlutoniumAmericiumCuriumBerkeliumCaliforniumEinsteiniumFermiumMendeleviumNobeliumLawrencium Classification of Rare Earths The classification of the rare earth elements is as hotly disputed as the list of included metals. One common method of classification is by atomic weight. Low atomic weight elements are the light rare earth elements (LREEs). Elements with high atomic weight are the heavy rare earth elements (HREEs). Elements that fall between the two extremes are the middle rare earth elements (MREEs). One popular system categorizes atomic numbers up to 61 as LREEs and those higher than 62 as HREEs (with the middle range absent or up to interpretation). Summary of Abbreviations Several abbreviations are used in connection with the rare earth elements: RE: rare earthREE: rare earth elementREM: rare earth metalREO: rare earth oxideREY: rare earth element and yttriumLREE: light rare earth elementsMREE: middle rare earth elementsHREE: heavy rare earth elements Rare Earth Uses In general, the rare earths are used in alloys, for their special optical properties, and in electronics. Some specific uses of elements include: Scandium: Use to make light alloys for the aerospace industry, as a radioactive tracer, and in lampsYttrium: Used in yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) lasers, as a red phosphor, in superconductors, in fluorescent tubes, in LEDs, and as a cancer treatmentLanthanum: Use to make high refractive index glass, camera lenses, and catalystsCerium: Use to impart a yellow color to glass, as a catalyst, as a polishing powder, and to make flintsPraseodymium: Used in lasers, arc lighting, magnets, flint steel, and as a glass colorantNeodymium: Used to impart violet color to glass and ceramics, in lasers, magnets, capacitors, and electric motorsPromethium: Used in luminous paint and nuclear batteriesSamarium: Used in lasers, rare earth magnets, masers, nuclear reactor control rodsEuropium: Used to prepare red and blue phosphors, in lasers, in fluorescent lamps, and as an NMR relaxantGadolinium: Used in lasers, x-ray tubes, computer memory, high refractive index glass, NMR relaxation, neutron capture, MRI contrast Terbium: Use in green phosphors, magnets, lasers, fluorescent lamps, magnetostrictive alloys, and sonar systemsDysprosium: Used in hard drive disks, magnetostrictive alloys, lasers, and magnetsHolmium: Use in lasers, magnets, and calibration of spectrophotometersErbium: Used in vanadium steel, infrared lasers, and fiber opticsThulium: Used in lasers, metal halide lamps, and portable x-ray machinesYtterbium: Used in infrared lasers, stainless steel, and nuclear medicineLutetium: Used in positron emission tomography (PET) scans, high refractive index glass, catalysts, and LEDs Sources Brownlow, Arthur H. (1996). Geochemistry. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0133982725.Connelly, N. G. and T. Damhus, ed. (2005). Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry: IUPAC Recommendations 2005. With R. M. Hartshorn and A. T. Hutton. Cambridge: RSC Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85404-438-2.Hammond, C. R. (2009). Section 4; The Elements. In David R. Lide (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 89th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press/Taylor and Francis.JÃ ©brak, Michel; Marcoux, Eric; Laithier, Michelle; Skipwith, Patrick (2014). Geology of mineral resources (2nd ed.). St. Johns, NL: Geological Association of Canada. ISBN 9781897095737.Ullmann, Fritz, ed. (2003). Ullmanns Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 31. Contributor: Matthias Bohnet (6th ed.). Wiley-VCH. p. 24. ISBN 978-3-527-30385-4.

Reflective Paper Essays

Reflective Paper Essays Reflective Paper Essay Reflective Paper Essay Essay Topic: Reflective Doing volunteer work is a great way to get involved within a community. The Houston Food Bank is a place that had been in before. In my experience have found that really like to volunteer and I plan on going back in the near future. Volunteering has helped me in exploring my interests and abilities. It is through volunteer opportunities that I have learned how to communicate with others and acquire skills that can transfer into the workplace. When trying to find a job, employers look for volunteer experience because that just wows them thou take time out of your life to help others. I have also learned that the world does not revolve around me. There are many people in much worse situations that need help. Am grateful for the opportunities that have been given in life. I am fortunate enough to be in a position where am able to help those in need. Serving the community whether big or small will make a big impact on the lives of people that need it the most. By doing this we not only encourage others to volunteer, but we help the less fortunate arm a more positive outlook on life. Volunteering at the Houston F-DOD Bank this past Saturday saw how much productivity was done in just the four hours that was there. The workers are always enthusiastic and that just creates a welcoming mood for all who attend. Another thing that I like is that at the end of our volunteer hours the employees of the Houston Food Bank give the number of meals that is served from the work that the volunteers put in. Overall, I feel that volunteering helps me improve as a person. It is a great ay to serve a community as well as meet new people. Eel that everyone should volunteer it does not necessarily have to be at the Houston Food Bank but it should be in a place where they feel that their time will be well spent. I am glad I got the chance to volunteer because I feel better about myself knowing that I helped others and I look forward to many more opportunities. Attending the Houston Food bank has shown me that there is a lot of work to be done when it comes to helping out those in need . When it comes to eloping the community monetary contributions alone will not suffice. What people do not realize is that spending time rather than money is more rewarding in the long-run. The time spent in community service makes a person feel as though they have accomplished something big. Volunteering also shows the values that an individual may have such as generosity, compassion and a good heart. It also sets the example for others follow. I believe that everyone should give back to their community because volunteering will make the world a better place.

AMPACK Computer Company Computer Platform Upgrade Essay

AMPACK Computer Company Computer Platform Upgrade - Essay Example This will help in the transmission and processing of different computerized jobs at hand. To accomplish this, a server that will serve for internet connection provider and a file server need allocation in the office setup. All computer units must have LAN cards installed and a server router or network switch provided to mediate the connection. Once you know what type of computer hardware and software you will need, it is time for you to decide whether you want to purchase for a desktop or laptop computer. To help you decide, we will list the major advantages and disadvantages of both types of computers. The type of computer you choose will depend on how you intend to use it. A portable desktop computer platform is used on a typical office setup, which can be adopted in the company's system. However, laptops are also applicable in some departments preferably the managerial branch to have it transferable if corporate meeting presentation is needed or other similar cases. Portability is more important than performance, because you need to move the computer routinely, choose a laptop. If you will be moving the system very frequently, consider a smaller-sized laptop. Choosing the right Operating System for AMPACK office infrastructure is easily managed since there are current systems involved. Installing Windows XP for the workstation platform and windows 2003 for the server could minimize the current software needs of employees for production jobs. Most computer software needed to do the task involved in production, accounting, and managerial are mostly based on windows environment. Preferring to use this operating system would minimize cost for an over-all adjustment if a new operating system will be used. Not only minimizing the cost for software adjustment but also minimizes the cost for future technical training to staffs who physically involves with the workstations on their daily task. In relation to that, our server will be under the Windows 2003 Server system. The concern for this is the reliability, security and robustness compared to other operating system. Windows 2003 Server edition offers a complete solution for a typical server. T his comprises the file server, internet, printer, email, DNS and database server. If we will consider using Linux and other operating system, the employees will have to adjust to the environment, which they currently are familiar. Software adjustment will be costly if we will use other operating system. Some may say that other software is free or is cheaper than windows but the software and hardware compatibility is limited. The software needed in the company's daily task may not be compatible to other operating system. Thus, windows based systems are encouraged to install because of its wide-range of compatibility that meets the company's requirements. Other than windows and Linux, Macintosh would be an expensive option. Many people are unaware of how easy and inexpensive it is to interconnect existing computers to form a small Local Area Network (LAN). If you are using Windows 2000/XP, no additional software is required to benefit from basic network functions such as shared use of directories, drives, or printers and the hardware costs are minimal. A network can substantially simplify internet access for two or more people. Of course, another reason for setting

Japanese and Chinese Styles comparison Research Paper

Japanese and Chinese Styles comparison - Research Paper Example Japan’s offenses of omission in dealing fully with its past marks as hindrance to its present overseas policy, but they pale in contrast with China’s historical sense of entitlement to local hegemony and its strong new form of condition-sanctioned anti-Japanese patriotism. China’s tactful language emphasizes toeing party’s line history rather than discriminating present-day interests, and it presumes that only one position in international affairs more often than not China’s — can be correct (Hagstrà ¶m 9) China today has much more to gain from association with Japan than from disagreement. Harping about past inflaming and sins the disputes over the islands do little good. If republic of China is to become the main power in the region, it can only do so with Japan, not next to it. As Germany and France have confirmed, ideas can change when government’s interest demands it. But changing Beijing’s thinking from hierarchy to collaboration will require strong leadership and a nuanced indulgent of national interests. China’s new leaders haven’t inspired much hope of either (Hunt 17). Socially, Japan developed on the Shogun ate life in which society revolved around honoring the emperor while maintaining a familys personal respect. The samurai, compared to the knight in the western European society, was one of the most accepted figures in Japanese society. While Post-modern China was also imperial in nature, China went without the Samurai system and instead relied heavily on a national army and private army. China and Japan both claim to be the shareholders of over  East China Sea  islets that China calls it the  Diaoyu Islands and Japan refer to it as Senkaku Islands. Tensions have been high from 2012 September, when Japanese government acquired three of the islets from private Japanese proprietor. This leads

Unpaid internship argument essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Unpaid internship argument - Essay Example spending efficient summer vacation becomes a duty for students. Many companies required high expectation of specifications from students. To fill out owns resume blanks, students need to invest their vacation for their future. Commonly, they are looking for volunteer jobs or internships. Especially, internship is a very attractive title for one’s resume and career experience. However, unfortunately, in this tough reality, the purpose of internship has been changed. Many companies and institutions offer unpaid internships for photocopying or making coffee. It is hard to expect real tasks as an intern. Moreover, through unpaid internship, it would bring many economic problems on individual interns to our society. Unpaid internship is just a way for companies to have free workforces. Companies and institutions use student’s future to satisfy their own profits and it will hurt economy and education markets in our society. Unpaid internship realistically is not designed for common students who have loans and debts. In NYC, a city that offers many unpaid internships but also one of high inflation cities in America, many unpaid interns are suffering because of this unrealistic opportunity. However, there are some students who are really suitable for unpaid internships. Their common factor is rich. For example, to do unpaid internship at the White House, a student is required to get financial support from the home front. Living in Washington, one of expensive cites in America, is not easy for common students; if they are not living in Washington, the costs are increased because they need to pay for a rent, transportation, and food, etc. However, the rich students don’t even consider this inquires. This gap between these students are called â€Å"blatant class discrimination†.(Lind) In reality, college tuition has been increased with the percentage of student’s loans. Moreover, to get a fine job, students unavoidably

Incest in America Essay Example for Free

Incest in America Essay Nowadays, incest is viewed as one of the most harassing aspects of child abuse, since it is likely to result in psychological trauma and cause long-lasting negative effects in terms of healthy personality development. Governor’s Commission on Domestic Violence defines incest as â€Å"overt and/or covert sexual contact or acts between people who are related genetically, by marriage, by living arrangements, or in whom a child perceives a trusting relationship, for example parents, grandparents, siblings, aunts, uncles, cousins, step-parents, foster parents. Incest is one of the most common forms of child sexual abuse† (Governor’s Commission on Domestic Violence, 1996, p. 37). Unfortunately, the U. S. statistics on this topic is barely available, as the entitled researchers have access merely to reported cases, which give following information: 46 per cent of child rapists are family members, 70 per cent of whom have been at least once imprisoned (ibid). Nevertheless, the statistics suggests that incestual relationship might occur even in ‘non-deviant’, ‘decent’ nuclear families, because the positive correlation between the rapist’s previous crimes and child sexual abuse points merely to the fact that such crimes are more frequently discovered. The causes of incest can be categorized into three groups: biological, sociological and psychological. Biological factors indicate that certain percentage of inbreeding is important: â€Å"any system of inbreeding that is reasonably possible would not greatly reduce the heterozygosity of the population† (Williams, 1994, p. 1167), but this approach doesn’t actually clarify the reasons for child sexual abuse. Sociological perspective is oriented to societal factors, such as popularization of sexuality in its different forms (including illegal distribution of child pornography) and the societal roots of deviance as the violation of sociocultural patterns of sexual behavior: in macrosociological terms, sexual assault of children might be rooted in social inequality, distortion of family constructs (family roles and responsibilities) and anomia, i. e., poor implication of moral values in certain society of community (ibid). Psychological factors also enjoy diversity that includes the presence of personality, mental health and sexual disorders (pedophilia) and predispositions to sadistic behavior in abusers, so that family members can use sexual assault as a form of punishment as well as the means of satisfaction their sexual needs. It needs to be noted that incest is unacceptable from both sociological and psychological positions, so this crime intrinsically implies certain either social or personality pathology (Sedlack and Broadhurst, 1996). The main effects of incest on child can be explained through the influence of the abuse on child behavior and the coping mechanisms, which arise in response to the harassment. First of all, the child experiences fear and powerlessness, since they can no longer control his/her life and body, if the victim is aged over 7-8, he/she normally feels shame, responsibility and guilt, as the small individual already understands that normal order of things has been upset, but still has underdeveloped mechanisms of cognition to realize the depth of the problem. Furthermore, such traumatic experience detaches the child â€Å"from non-offending parents, brothers and sisters. This isolation often leads to the child being labeled as different, a problem, or in some way different from their siblings. Children feel betrayed because they are dependent upon adults for nurturing and protection and the offender is someone who they should be able to love and trust. They may also feel betrayed by a non-offending parent who they believe has failed to protect them† (Putnam, 1989, p. 271). If the assault takes places regularly throughout the long period, the underage victim is likely to suffer from nightmares and flashbacks, including hysterics, unexplainable tearfulness, rapid and momentary mood changes. Moreover, the research reports the increase of aggressiveness in such children: such destructive impulses can be directed either on child’s personality (and consequently affects ‘internal world, thoughts, reflections) or towards external objects and other individuals (including the abuser and non-offending family members). Adams argues that both overt and emotional (treating the child like one’s partner without direct sexual assault) incest finally amplifies the victim’s aggressiveness, hostility and irritability, and substantially inhibits his/her social skills, making the child reluctant to establish new contacts with coevals (Adams, 1991). As for the coping mechanisms, the victims of intrafamilial sexual assaults usually develop memory suppression, dissociation and denial. Memory suppression implies voluntary forgetting of the negative emotional states, ensured during the abuse. The victims therefore attempt to separate the negative incest experience from conscious awareness. â€Å"Dissociation is a way in which some children survive abuse by escaping mentally while the abuse is happening. The body and the mind seem to separate. While the body is being hurt, the child no longer feels it because the mind manages to escape to a perceived safe place. Different children may dissociate in different ways. One example is leaving the body and floating on the ceiling over the bed where the abuse is occurring† (Williams, 1994, p. 1171). Denial, as a rule, has two forms: denying the fact of incest and disclaiming the negative moral evaluation, which can be given to the fact (‘It’s not actually wrong’). The most dangerous about these mechanisms is their critical impact on the victim’s social functioning, as these defenses are aimed at maintaining physical survival, neglecting thus the related deterioration of emotional state. Those family members, who become aware of intrafamilial sexual assault, normally decide on the strategy of non-intervening, since this phenomenon often takes place in authoritarian families, where everyone has certain degree of fear for the perpetrator. Due to the fact that the forceful sexual contacts usually occur between male adults and female children (father and daughter) (Governor’s Commission on Domestic Violence, 1996) and that the same male adult often commits violence over his spouse, it is possible to presume that the entire family is intimidated by the perpetuator. As for the impact on the criminal him/herself, this person, as psychological research suggests, gradually develops sadistic propensities (Williams, 1994) and expresses cruelty when sexually abusing the child. If family haven’t yet noticed the internal incestual relationship, the perpetuator utilizes certain methods of maintaining secrecy and becomes more reserved and reticent even in the most trivial daily routines. Moreover, such criminals become increasingly more cunning and create a special communicative code, understandable only for his/herself and the child in order to enhance the organization of incestual relationship. In addition, perpetuators also use denial and rationalization as defense mechanisms (ibid), since intrafamilial sexual assault causes psychological trauma in the abuser, who breaks his/her moral convictions or the basic principles of societal coexistence. The major indicators of incest include: 1) child’s confessions/reports; 2) noticeable fear of certain family member; 3) extremely sophisticated understanding of sexual behavior; 4) â€Å"persistent and inappropriate sexual play with peers, toys, animals or themselves; 5) sexual themes in the childs artwork, stories or play; 6) sleep disturbances and nightmares; 7) marked changes in appetite; 8) parentified or adultified behaviour e. g.acting like a parent or spouse; 9) poor or deteriorating relationships with peers; 10)self-mutilation: cutting of arms, legs, burning home made tattoos. Suicidal feelings and suicide attempts† (Saunders et al , 2001, p. 8). The elimination of post-incestual effects usually correlates with treatment for post-traumatic disorder, but it is important to note that such trauma might cause irreversible changes in the victim’s convictions and perceptions (in adulthood – coitophobia, sociophobia, claustrophobia). As a rule, psychiatrists use cognitive processing therapy in order to provide appropriate cognitive restructuring and systematic desensitization concerning the negative memories; dynamic play therapy (using puppets when expressing fears); art therapy; family therapy (aimed at supporting the victim’s re-adjustment to the family environment) and attachment-trauma therapy (based upon placing the child into emotionally warm and friendly environment) (ibid). Similar psychological aid should be provided to the perpetuator: either in mental health or in penitentiary institutions they receive special cognitive-behavioral training, pharmaceutical treatment, but as a rule, the major intervention frameworks insist on complete separation of the abuser from the victim (Putnam, 1989), as the childhood experiences tend to return after meeting the perpetuator. Works cited Adams, K.(1991) Silently Seduced: When Parents Make Their Children Their Partners, Understanding Covert Incest. HCI. Governors Commission on Domestic Violence. (1996). The Children of Domestic Violence: A Report of the Governors Commission on Domestic Violence of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts Boston. Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Putnam, F. (1989). Diagnosis and Treatment of Multiple Personality Disorder. New York: Guilford Press. Saunders, B. , Berliner, L. and Hanson, R. (2001). Guidelines for the Psychological Treatment of Intrafamilial Child Physical and Sexual Abuse. Charleston, SC: Authors. Sedlak, A. and Broadhurst, D. (1996). Executive Summary of the Third National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect. Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. Williams, L. (1994). Recall of Childhood Trauma: A Prospective Study of Womens Memories of Child Sexual Abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 62 (6): 1167-176.

Entrepreneurs Typically Learn From Failure Business Essay

Entrepreneurs Typically Learn From Failure Business Essay In the literature, there is no specific definition of failure. Every author that will be discussed in this essay has described failure using different parameters. Therefore, it is not possible to use a particular authors definition because their work is based on their different definitions. To begin with, one of the widely accepted definitions of failure is the termination of a business that has fallen short of its goals, thereby failing to satisfy principal shareholder expectations (Beaver and Jennings, 1996 mentioned in Cope, 2011, pp 605). This differs from the definition of Cochran, 1981, mentioned in Cope (2011, pp 605 Carter and Evans 2012, pp 181) who suggests failure as bankruptcy or liquidation as the loss of capital and an inability to make a go of it. However, a similar view is shared by Shepherd (2003 pp. 318), who feels that business failure occurs when a fall in revenues and/or a rise in expenses are of such that the firm becomes insolvent and is unable to attract new d ebt or equity funding; leading to the inability of operating under the current ownership and management. Oxford dictionary defines typical as having the distinctive qualities or characteristics of a particular type of person or thing or informal  showing the characteristics expected of or popularly associated with a particular person or thing. It is typically expected that entrepreneurs will learn from failure. This essay will discuss the reasons the why entrepreneurs fail, the factors that increase the probability of failure, how and what entrepreneurs learn from failure. In the essay, all the theories or literature that has been mentioned is in context to small firms. The reasons they have been targeted is because there is higher incidence of faillure in small firms and are more likely to close than larger ones (Blackburn and Stokes, 2002). To understand success, it is important to understand failure (Carter and Evans 2012). Sitkin (1992) as cited in Shepherd (2003 pp. 318) argues that failure is more important than success for learning. Sir James Dyson, the founder of Dyson Company (Entrepreneur 2012) also believes that a person never learns from success, but they do learn from failure. The causes that lead to business failure have been divided into two categories; internal and external failures. The following table shows the internal and external factors contributing to failure of a business: Internal and external factors contributing to failure cited in Carter and Evans (2012, pp.184) One of the major internal cause of failure is poor management an event that occurs as a lack of entrepreneurial or managerial attention or focus (Carter and Evans, 2012 pp.184-184).Beaver (2003 mentioned in the Carter and Evans. 2012 pp. 184) refers to a research done by Dun and Bradstreet in 1991 which proves that the primary cause of business failure in the USA is due to management incompetence of the business owner. This view is confirmed by Thornhill and Amit (2003 as mentioned in Cope, 2011) who also consider lack of management and financial planning skills as the most common causes of firm mortality. Authors like Brough (1970); Stanford (1982); Hall (1992); Beaver and Jennings (1995) as mentioned in Beaver (2003 pp. 117) consider finance, demand forecasting, management, marketing, capitalization at start-up and strategy and planning as the main causes if business failure in small firms. Another view by Beaver (2003 pp. 117) is that if business start-ups are a desperate response to unemployment, rather than based on sound principles and the committed fashioning and management of competitive advantage, it is inevitable that many firms will fail. The external factors of failure are those that are beyond the control of even the most capable entrepreneurs and will trigger problems in new firms (Osborne, 1993 as mentioned in Carter and Evans, 2012 pp. 184). Entrepreneurs tend to attribute failure to external causes, such as market conditions and financial problems through a process known as attribution theory (Carter and Evans, 2012 pp.184). Rosa, Carter and Hamilton (1996 as mentioned in Carter and Evans, 2012 pp.185) interviewed 600 UK small business owner-managers and found that most of the business people tend to blame external factors to their possible shortcomings. The reason why entrepreneurs dont want to be associated with failure is due to the potential danger to their self-esteem (Cannon and Edmondson, 2005 Carter and Evans, 2012, pp. 185). This view has been encouraged due to the social norm of failure being regarded as a negative event and the stigmatization (Cope, 2011). One of the external causes of failure mention ed in Carter and Evans (2012) is bankruptcy of main customer or supplier. Len Rainford, M.D., Sameday UK went through the same problem with his business of warehousing when his biggest customer had gone bust. However, with the help of his banks and accountants, he was able to recover losses and make profits within 3 years. A similar problem was also faced by Vikram Talwar, founder of EXL Service, one of Indias largest BPOs when their only client, Conseco went bankrupt (Bansal, 2008). They were able to recover because of the strategies of the management and help of the investors. Other than the causes of failure, there are certain factors that increase the probability of failure. There are two main independent factors that are important determinants of a firm growth; size and age (Storey, 1994, Carter and Evans, 2012 and Bates and Nucci, 1990). Bates also found that firm age was the strongest single determinant of small business survival among firms owned by white males (Bates and Nucci, 1990 pp. 10). The empirical evidence on the negative relationship between size and age of the firm and the failure rates had been unanimous (Storey, 1994). There have been various studies to prove this relationship for example; the study done by Dunne, Roberts and Samuelson in 1989 (Storey, 1994 pp.92)on manufacturing plants showed that the average failure rate for plants with employees in between five to nineteen was 104.7 % higher than for plants with more than 250 employees. In this case, they had used the number of employees as a factor to recognize the size of the business. A similar study done by Gallagher and Stewart in 1985 as cited in Storey (1994 pp. 92) found that a firm employing less than twenty people was 78% more likely to fail over the next decade as compared to the one employing more than 1,000. On comparison of the size of the firm in terms of the net assets, it was found by Dunne and Hughes (1992 mentioned in Storey, 1994 pp. 92) that the non-survivors over the 1980-5 period con stituted 27% of those with net assets less than  £1m, compared with 14 % of those with net assets exceeding  £64m.In terms of age, Hudson (1987b mentioned in Storey, 1994 pp.93) finds clear evidence that insolvency is a characteristic more suitable for young firms. He found that 61% of the firms that became insolvent did so between 2-9 years after formation and that there was a peak age of 2-5 years. Entrepreneurs who focus more on the success of the more than failure are also more likely to fail because drawing lessons from successes is much more difficult as success does not create an urgent need to enrich current knowledge structures or behaviors and on the other hand it reinforces existing beliefs and routines. (Ellis et al., 2006 mentioned in Cope, 2011). After establishing the causes of failure, it is also important to understand how entrepreneurs recover and move on to learn lessons from failure. Failure causes damage not only financially and emotionally but also relationally and recovering and moving on from failure includes overcoming these costs too (Shepherd et al, 2009 mentioned in Cope, 2011 pp. 613 and Cope, 2011 ). According to Cope (2011) failure does not necessarily produce any long-term negative professional consequences as the key stakeholders accept failure as a fact of life in the start-up community. Cope (2011) feel that this encourages the entrepreneurs who are concerned about the possibility of receiving future support for their ideas as failure is not automatically considered a black mark by other professionals. Shepherd (2003) and Shepherd and Kuratko (2009, pp. 451) use the word grief to define the emotional response to the loss of something important which causes behavioral, psychological, and physiological symptoms. The more important the project to the innovator, the more extreme the negative emotional reaction incurred upon failure (Shepherd and Kuratko, 2009, pp. 452). Shepherd and Kuratko (2009, pp. 452) also mention that grief can obstruct learning from failure and in such circumstances; learning from failure involves a process of regulating the negative emotions. This process is called grief recovery (Shepherd 2003, Shepherd and Kuratko 2009). He argues that an individual has recovered from grief when thoughts surrounding the loss of the business no longer generate a negative emotional response. Oscillation between the two models of coping behavior is the most effective in speeding the recovery process. Shepherd (2003) and Shepherd and Kuratko (2009) Involves actively confronting the loss and associated negative emotions in order to work through what happened and make sense of the failure. Shepherd (2003) and Shepherd and Kuratko (2009) Avoiding, suppressing and purposefully distracting oneself from loss-related thoughts, allowing gradual fading of memories related with the loss. Shepherd (2003) and Shepherd and Kuratko (2009 Figure 1: Using Shepherds approach to grief recovery as cited in Shepherd (2003) and Shepherd and Kuratko (2009). The process of oscillation (shown in figure 1) is important as it gives the innovator the benefit of both orientations while minimizing the costs of maintaining either for an extended period and also allows them to learn more from their failure experiences (Shepherd, 2003 and Shepherd and Kuratko 2009). In order to be effective, the oscillation approach requires the innovator to confront the loss and work through the events leading up to the failure; to distract ones thoughts away from the failure event to focus on addressing secondary causes of stress; and to recognize when one orientation has been held too long and be able to switch to the other orientation (Shepherd and Kuratko, 2009, pp.454). Grief is generated not only amongst the entrepreneur but also the team members (Shepherd, 2003). The organizations form support groups through which they provide an opportunity for their members to interact with others who have experienced a sense of loss. By interacting with others who have experienced similar grief-inducing events, individuals can model coping behaviors and build their coping self-efficacy skills (Shepherd, 2003). However, the amount of feedback information available also appears to impact the degree to which grief interferes with the learning process (Shepherd, 2003). People learn using the outcome of action (feedback) to revise their belief systems (Huy, 1999; Kim, 1993; Weick, 1979 as mentioned in Shepherd, 2003, pp. 320). For the self-employed, learning from business failure occurs when they can use the information available about why the business failed to revise their existing knowledge of how to manage their own business effectively (Shepherd, 2003 pp. 320). For example, Ravi Kalakota has learned a number of lessons from the loss of his business, Hsupply.com, such as dont let venture capitalists hijack your vision, dont burn through capital rapidly to achieve short-term growth, and dont underestimate the speed others will imitate your products and services (Gilbert, 2000 as mentioned in Shepherd, 2003, pp. 320). Following the understanding of the reasons for failure and how they learn from failure, it is now important to acknowledge the learning from failure. According to Len Rainford, there is no such thing as failure, its a learning curve. He supports that even if entrepreneurs fail, they start again because they believe in bouncing back from failure and trying something else. An example of this is Sir James Dyson, the founder of Dyson Company. When he invented his first Dual cyclone vacuum cleaner, he spent 15 years creating 5,126 versions that failed and all this paid off in the form of a multi-billion dollar company that it is now (Entrepreneur, 2012). In the literature, the learning specifically points towards the launch of a new venture. It has been repeatedly mentioned by various academics that entrepreneurs who have learned from failure have become more motivated to start another enterprise (Cope 2011, Stokes and Blackburn, 2002) An example of entrepreneur learning from failure is Madan Mohanka, founder of Tega Industries, the worlds third largest company designing solutions in the field of mining equipment (Bansal, 2008). When his company was having huge cash flow problems, and was almost on the brink of bankruptcy, he learnt some valuable lessons. The first one is that an entrepreneur should at least plan for 50% or double the investment, the second one is that if an entrepreneur believes in his/her product and business, he/she should never give up (Rashmi Bansal, 2008). When Madan went bankrupt, he mortgaged his wifes jewelry, but did not abandon the dream. Due to the failure, they learn lessons regarding what they should have done and how they can do it better and this adds value to the entrepreneurs stock of experience (Reuber and Fischer, 1999 in Cope, 2011, pp. 618) , stock of knowledge (Minniti and Bygrave, 2001; Reuber and Fischer, 1999 mentioned in Cope, 2011 pp. 605)and improves the level of entrepreneurial preparedness for the future entrepreneurial activity (Cope, 2005a; Harvey and Evans. 1995; cope and Zacharakis et al., 1999 ;Stokes and Blackburn, 2002 mentioned in Cope, 2011, pp.618). This is done by revising previously ineffective routines, highlighting the mistakes, spotting new opportunities (Gupta, 2005; Politis, 2005) and expanding the skills and knowledge about the entrepreneurial process (Cope, 2011, pp. 618). Many entrepreneurs become successful serial entrepreneurs (Cope, 2011). According to the research done by Stokes and Blackburn (2002); 62% of entrepreneurs who failed, continued as a business owner in some way and almost three-quarters of their respondents also agreed that they have improved their skill in personal management areas like coping with setbacks, self-management and adapting to change. An example of this is Shankar Maruwada, owner of Marketics, an analytics company. When his first business went bust, he learnt his first lesson of failure; things dont as per plan and he and his team used the failure to get it right the second time with Marketics (Bansal, 2008). This proves the positive learning experience of failure. The repeated reference to a better awareness of pressure points warning signs and stresses and strains during the entrepreneurial process is evidence of the productive and practical learning outcomes of failure (Cope, 2011). Failure is also called a trial and error (Gibb, 1997; Politis, 2005 in Cope, 2011) approach for entrepreneurs to understand what works and doesnt work (Sarasvathy and Menon, 2002, mentioned in Cope, 2011) thus increasing the probability of success. Experiencing failure has also been found to lead to more positive attitudes to failure (Politis and Gabrielsson, 2009 in Shepherd, 2003). Studying and learning from failure can help entrepreneurs to avoid falling into unreflective cognitive ruts or learning traps (Rerup, 2005; West and Wilson, 1995 in Shepherd, 2003). A study done by Scholl-hammer (1991) mentioned in Shepherd (2003) suggests that 51 percent of all entrepreneurs in the United States have previous owner-manager experience. This view is also supported by Timmons (1999 mentioned in Shepherd, 2003), who considers failure as a necessary step to success. From the work of various researchers and especially Cope in the field of entrepreneurial learning, it is clear that entrepreneurs who have experienced failure are more prepared than those who have only enjoyed success. Learning from failure but it is not an automatic or instant process and thus requires time in moving on from the understanding of the failure and its causes to generating learning outcomes from it. Processes that fail lead to grief and by using methods like loss orientation, restoration orientation, and oscillation between these two methods, causes grief recovery (Shepherd, 2003). Learning is a dynamic and on-going process and it will take place during and beyond the process of failure (Bower, 1990 as mentioned in Shepherd, 2003, pp. 320). However, entrepreneurs will eventually move on and recover from the grief.